Here is a link for docker images of Caffe on Ubuntu 16.04 along with Anaconda (Python 3.6 version):

https://hub.docker.com/u/yangcha/

There are two versions: GPU version and CPU version. To run CPU version:

docker run -ti yangcha/caffe-cpu-conda bash
source activate condacaffe
python -c "import caffe;print(caffe.__version__)"

or for GPU support (You need a CUDA 8.0 capable driver and nvidia-docker):

nvidia-docker run -ti yangcha/caffe-gpu-conda bash
source activate condacaffe
python -c "import caffe;print(caffe.__version__)"

The Dockerfile for CPU version is here, the Dockerfile for GPU version is here.